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A carcinogenic manufacturing byproduct that can form during the ethoxylation of foaming agents such as SLS and SLES. It is a contaminant rather than an intentionally added ingredient, so it does not appear on labels.

Solvent found in window and multi-surface cleaners. Linked to hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), liver toxicity, and reproductive harm with chronic exposure.

An artificial sweetener 200× sweeter than sugar, FDA-approved as GRAS and used in thousands of food products. Over 90 studies support its safety. However, some research associates chronic high consumption with alterations in gut microbiota composition and potential metabolic pathway effects. Controversy persists despite regulatory approval.

A compound that forms when starchy foods are cooked at high temperatures (the Maillard reaction), found in items like fries, chips, bread crust, and roasted coffee. IARC classifies it as a Group 2A probable carcinogen.

Synthetic film-forming polymer. Concerns center on microplastic potential — it is a plastic polymer that may shed microparticles into water systems.

A naturally occurring nucleoside used in cosmetics for anti-wrinkle and skin-firming effects. The CIR Expert Panel approved adenosine as safe at concentrations up to 1% in leave-on products. Non-irritating in clinical studies and well-demonstrated to reduce fine lines.

Naturally occurring compound (also synthesized) that promotes cell proliferation and wound healing. One of the most soothing and well-tolerated ingredients in skincare.

A "rare sugar" that tastes like sugar but is barely metabolized (about 0.4 cal/g) and has negligible effect on blood glucose. FDA considers it GRAS and lets it be excluded from added/total sugars. The main caveats are GI upset at high doses and limited long-term human data.

Soothing gel from aloe leaves with anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. One of the most well-studied botanical skincare ingredients.

Corrosive cleaning agent used in glass cleaners and degreasers. Highly irritating to the respiratory system and mucous membranes. Extremely dangerous when mixed with bleach.

A common solvent in glass and multi-surface cleaners. Effective at cutting grease, but corrosive to airways at high concentrations and dangerous when mixed with bleach.

An anionic lauryl-sulfate cleansing surfactant whose main issue is concentration- and contact-time-dependent skin irritation, generally considered acceptable in rinse-off products.

Natural carotenoid colour from the seeds of Bixa orellana (bixin/norbixin). Toxicologically low-concern — EFSA set acceptable daily intakes and found bixin exposure below the ADI — but rated caution because it is a documented, if uncommon, cause of IgE-mediated allergic reactions (hives, angioedema) in sensitive people.

A catalyst used in the manufacturing of polyester fibers. Classified as a possible human carcinogen (IARC Group 2B) in inhaled form. Found in 80–85% of virgin polyester; studies show 0.05–2% can be mobilized into artificial sweat during wear — raising concern for prolonged skin contact with synthetic activewear.

Fermented apple vinegar containing acetic acid and probiotic "mother" culture. Research supports modest benefits for blood sugar regulation and antimicrobial activity.

Cold-pressed from Moroccan argan tree kernels. Rich in vitamin E, linoleic acid, and polyphenols — supports skin hydration and barrier function.

Petroleum-derived synthetic dyes used in food. Several are banned or require warning labels in the EU. Meta-analyses link them to hyperactivity in children.

Non-caloric synthetic sweeteners. IARC classified aspartame as a possible carcinogen (Group 2B) in 2023. Sucralose and Ace-K alter gut microbiome and may disrupt glucose metabolism.

A lipophilic UVA filter used in chemical sunscreens to absorb long-wave UV radiation. Systemic absorption exceeds the FDA safety threshold (0.5 ng/mL) after a single application, and avobenzone degrades in sunlight without photostabilizers, reducing its efficacy over the course of the day.

Naturally occurring acid derived from grains. Clinically proven for acne, rosacea, and hyperpigmentation. Pregnancy-safe and suitable for sensitive skin.

Azo dyes constitute 70–80% of textile dyes and can break down into carcinogenic aromatic amines — including benzidine — under conditions mimicked by skin bacteria and perspiration. These amines penetrate the skin and are metabolized by the liver. Carcinogenic azo dyes are banned in the EU; however, over 5% of tested imported products exceed safe limits.

Dough conditioner and flour bleacher that can form semicarbazide (SEM) during baking — a carcinogen. Banned in the EU and Australia. Subway famously removed it under public pressure.

Mild abrasive and deodorizer. Non-toxic, biodegradable, and effective for scrubbing, deodorizing, and combined with vinegar for drain maintenance.

A mild alkali and abrasive used as a non-toxic cleaning agent and deodoriser. Fully biodegradable and safe for food surfaces.